Compressive Strength Test Results Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF GRAPHENE OXIDE PROPERTIES, SUPERPLASTICISER TYPE, AND DISPERSION TECHNIQUE ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GRAPHENE OXIDE-ADDED CONCRETE

The incorporation of Graphene Oxide (GO) nanomaterial into concrete has gained significant attention due to its potential to enhance mechanical and durability properties. The addition of GO to concrete creates considerable changes in the morphology of the concrete matrix, creating a densified microstructure. Critical parameters significantly affect these microstructural enhancements and, consequently, the final performance in GO-added concrete. These parameters include GO material properties, superplasticiser (PS) type, and dispersion techniques. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of GO on the mechanical performance of concrete, focusing on these critical factors. Unlike existing studies concentrating on a single parameter's effect, this research comprehensively compares how these parameters impact GO-added concrete. Two commercially available GO types (GO-A and GO-B) and two PS types (PS-A and PS-B) are utilised. At the same time, three commonly used mixing techniques, such as mechanical, high-speed, and ultrasonic mixing techniques, are considered for GO dispersion. GO-A is added to concrete in percentages ranging from 0.02% to 0.14% by weight of cement (bwoc), while GO-B ranges from 0.04% to 0.20% bwoc. Based on compressive strength test results, the optimum GO dosages are 0.08% for GO-A and 0.12% for GO-B. The highest strength results are achieved for GO-B added concrete with PS-A addition and following the ultrasonic dispersion method, highlighting these parameters as optimal for maximising GO-added concrete performance. The optimum concrete mix exhibits 33%, 24%, 25%, and 30% increments for compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus properties at 28 days. This paper provides a deep theoretical explanation of the effects of GO material properties, dispersion techniques, and PS type on GO-added concrete performance. The findings provide valuable insights into selecting suitable parameters for optimising the mechanical properties of GO-added concrete, contributing to the advancement and effectiveness of construction materials.

Experimental investigation of sandy soil stabilization using chitosan biopolymer

The performance of an environmentally friendly biopolymer synthesised from secondary resources to overcome the wind erosion of sandy soil was investigated in this study. The study employed a multi-scale approach to investigate the mechanical, erosional, and hydraulic properties of sandy soil. At the macroscale, experimental techniques such as unconfined and triaxial compression tests, permeability measurements, contact angle assessments, and wind tunnel experiments were utilized to characterize the bulk behavior of the soil. Concurrently, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted at the nanoscale to predict surface mechanical characteristics and elucidate chemical interactions at the molecular level. Results show that when the outer surface of the sandy particles is coated with a sparse concentration of biopolymer, the sandy aerosol inhibitory performance is significant even under extreme storm conditions reaching speeds of 140 km/h of storms. The study on the impact of biopolymer content, curing time, and curing conditions revealed that the addition of chitosan biopolymer has the ability to enhance the bonding between particles and significantly enhance the mechanical properties of sandy soil. The atomic insight from molecular dynamics reveals huge entanglement between sandy particles and biopolymer by Van der Waals interaction. The results of the Unconfined Compressive Strength test indicate that chitosan enhances the compressive strength of sand by up to 320 kPa. Additionally, the triaxial test demonstrated that the application of chitosan led to a 34.2 kPa improvement in the cohesion of sand. Furthermore, analysis of the permeability test results revealed a decrease in the hydraulic conductivity coefficient from 1.6 × 10^-6 m/s to 5.7 × 10^-7 m/s, representing a reduction of approximately 35 %.

Testing the effect of UHPFRC jacket thickness and steel fiber volume fraction on NSC‐UHPFRC column compressive behavior

AbstractSeveral efficient applications of ultrahigh‐performance fiber‐reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Among them are UHPFRC jackets utilized for strengthening or permanent formworks of the steel reinforcing normal strength concrete (NSC) columns since UHPFRC jackets could enhance the compressive strength and other properties of the NSC column. However, the efficiency of a UHPFRC jacket simultaneously depends on its thickness and the added steel fiber volume fraction. The paper aims to explore the interaction effect of UHPFRC jacket thickness and steel fiber volume fraction on the behavior of UHPFRC jackets confining the NSC core under compressive load. The circular ultrahigh performance concrete jacket filled inside with the normal strength concrete, named NSC‐UHPFRC column specimen, is tested under loading on the NSC core. UHPFRC jacket thickness of 18‐49 mm with three adding steel fiber volume fractions was conducted for the experimental study. The investigation and analysis of the effect of the UHPFRC jacket and the steel fiber volume fraction on compression behaviors of NSC‐UHPFRC columns proceeded after the compressive strength test results were validated using Richart's model. This comprised a review of various parameters such as specimen failure pattern, stress–strain relationship, and ductile indices. The Weibull distribution was employed to explain the interaction effect on the variation in the experimental results. Finally, an interaction model was proposed and used to discuss the interaction effect of UHPFRC jacket thickness and steel fiber volume fraction and the optimum condition of the compressive strength of the NSC‐UHPFRC columns.

Assessment of meta-schist as a novel sustainable resource for Portland cement manufacturing

In this study, the use of meta-schist as an alternative to sand-clay in preparing cement raw mixtures was investigated for the first time. Although there are high meta-schist reserves in many countries, especially in Turkey and America, there have not been enough experimental studies for their use in cement production, and their superior technical features still need to be demonstrated. To produce the highest quality Portland cement clinker by examining the mineral and chemical properties of meta-schists, two different raw meal samples were prepared, utilizing conventional cement clay as a baseline sample ((PC) Ref) and the other with meta-schist ((PC) MSC). The effects of both raw mixtures on burnability tests and reactivity were evaluated based on the unreacted lime content in samples after sintered at 1200, 1300, 1350, 1400, and 1450 °C. As a result of firing at 1450 °C, ((PC) MSC) exhibited good sintering properties by showing less than 1% free lime by weight. The porosity amount, distribution, grain structure of silicate phase crystals and equivalent crystal diameters and amounts of meta-schist clinker phases (C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF) examined by polarizing optical microscope showed that they are suitable for the production of PC. The point counting method, Bogue model calculations, and XRD patterns have confirmed this result. The hydration products of the cement mortars were determined by SEM and EDX analysis at 2, 7, and 28 days. In addition, the compressive strength test results of ((PC) MSC) and ((PC) Ref) mortars after 28 days of curing ranged between 57 and 55,5 MPa, and the produced cement was classified as CEM I 42,5R.

Influence of Aging Time on Compressive Strength of Silica Fume Reinforced High Strength Concrete Composite

The goal of this study is to gather a High Strength Concrete (HSC) composite reinforced by silica fume and superplasticizers. Specimens are Cured by water and tested after aging time of 3, 7, 28 days. Specimens are cubes of 150 and 200 mm and 150x300mm cylinder. The aim is to get mean strength of 80- 85 MPa, and determination of physical properties of the materials used, which are basic components of the High Strength Concrete (HSC) composites. After designing mix proportions, according to design requirements some adjustments were done. Both fresh and hardened properties of the specimens were tested under standard condition (curing schemes, setting time, comp.str. etc). Compressive strength test results were gathered and compared with the requirements.

REVIEW OF THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE ON SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is an innovation in concrete technology used in building elements with dense and complex reinforcement frameworks. SCC is characterized by its high fluidity and the ability to self-compact without the use of vibrators. Superplasticizer is one of the components applied in the production of SCC. The use of superplasticizer aims to reduce water consumption, accelerate the setting time, improve concrete workability, and also make the concrete impermeable.
 As time progresses, industrial waste continues to increase, highlighting the importance of recycling industrial waste. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of industrial waste as a substitute material for fine aggregates on the workability and compressive strength of SCC. This study is the result of a literature review obtained by examining various sources including books, proceedings, as well as international and national journals.
 The results of this literature study involve the use of industrial waste materials such as recycled glass, granite waste, nickel slag, and copper slag as substitutes for fine aggregates. The results of the workability and compressive strength of SCC are influenced by the characteristics of each industrial waste used. This indicates an improvement in the flowability (slump flow) with an increasing percentage of industrial waste, ranging from 0% to 60%, in the concrete composition.
 Compressive strength test results indicate that the optimal percentage of industrial waste addition in the concrete composition lies between 20% and 40%."

Investigation of the effect of flexural strength test damage on compressive strength of construction materials

Concrete, the principal material of the construction sector, has been the subject of many scientific researches for decades. As a result of these investigations, new scientific information has been obtained on the weak points of cement-based products, especially concrete, their behaviour under load, etc. In light of this information, it is recommended that some test methods specified in international standards be revised. In this study, the effect of damage caused by flexural strength test performed on samples prepared with mortar prisms, of dimensions 160 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm within the scope of EN 13813, EN 13888, EN 13279-1, EN 197-1, TS 13566 and TS 13687 standards, on the results of compressive strength test performed on the broken samples was investigated. In the final analysis, some improvement suggestions have been made in the test methods in question.

Investigation on strength characteristics of fly ash treated dredged marine clay with various pore water salinities

This study investigated the strength characteristics of dredged marine clays treated with fly ash with varying porewater salinities. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on fly ash-treated dredged marine clay specimens with various salinities and curing times. In the direct shear tests, observed patterns revealed a consistent initial rapid increase in shear stress with the increase of horizontal displacement, followed by either a gradual decline or stabilization after reaching the peak shear stress. The variation curve consistently positioned the lower salinity or longer curing time above the higher salinity or shorter curing time. Furthermore, the shear strength at a given vertical stress consistently decreases with increasing salinity while ascending with increasing curing time. This indicated that curing time positively influences shear strength development, while the presence of salt negatively affects it. Both strength parameters cohesion and friction angle exhibited growth trends with increased curing time but displayed a decline as salinity increased from 0% to 6%. Unconfined compressive strength test results showed a strain-softening behavior for all tested specimens. The compressive strength demonstrated a declining trend with rising salinity, with a more pronounced decrease observed within the initial 7d compared to the less significant change between 7d and 28d.

Analisis Kuat Tekan Beton dengan Pemanfaatan Silica Fume dan Fly Ash Sebagai Pengganti Semen Sebagian

Construction activities require concrete as a widely used material. Concrete consists of several compositions, namely fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and Portland cement as the main material for the binder. Cement production contributes around 6% of carbon emissions which can damage the environment, including global warming, and the use of high levels of cement material in concrete mixtures, so alternative materials are needed to replace cement or cement additives for concrete mixes. Alternative materials used in this research are fly ash and silica fume. This research aims to determine the test results and characteristics of concrete using silica fume and fly ash as partial cement substitute materials as well as the effect of the ratio of silica fume and fly ash on the compressive strength of concrete. The research was carried out by direct testing in the laboratory. The various mixtures of Fly Ash (FA) and Silica Fume used are: FA 10% and SF 5%, FA 15% and SF 5%, FA 20% and SF 20%, FA 25% and SF 10%. Based on the results of compressive strength tests carried out at 28 days of concrete, it shows that the use of silica fume and fly ash to replace cement cannot be said to have succeeded in increasing the strength of the concrete. The highest compressive strength value was achieved by variation 3, namely with a fly ash content of 20% and 10% silica fume, producing a compressive strength value of 19.44 Mpa, this shows that the strength achieved is still limited to low quality concrete below 20 Mpa.

Pengaruh Abu Serbuk Kayu Kulim dan Serbuk Tempurung Kelapa terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton

This research combines kulim wood dust and coconut shell powder as a substitute for concrete materials. Ash from kulim sawdust has silicca properties. Meanwhile, coconut shell powder can be mixed in concrete. This study aims to determine the effect of using kulim sawdust ash as a partial substitution of cement and coconut shell powder waste as a partial substitution of fine aggregate on compressive strength and to determine the ideal proportion of the percentage variation of added ingredients. Concrete planning uses an experimental method that refers to SNI 03-2834-2000, SNI 03-1974-1990 and the Unisla Concrete Practicum Guidebook. With a total sample of 12 test objects with the quality plan K-225. The results of the normal concrete compressive strength test with an N code of 19.55 MPa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code A1 are 19.29 MPa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code B1 are 18.84 Mpa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code C1 are 18.46 MPa. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the added ingredients of kulim wood powder ash and coconut shell powder did not significantly affect the compressive strength of concrete and the higher the added material value the lower the concrete compressive strength value and the lower the added material value, the higher the concrete compressive strength value.

Enhancing the Compressive Strength of M30 Grade of Concrete Using Pumice With 50% GGBS and Metakaolin Comparing with Conventional Concrete

The aim is to compare the conventional concrete by employing a mix of M30 grade concrete, a novel pumice aggregate is used to partially replace the coarse aggregate to create lightweight concrete. All groups were prepared at the composition of 40% Cement and replacing 50% GGBS, 10% Metakaolin is kept constant in our concrete. Coarse aggregate replaced by novel pumice stone and M-sand as Fine aggregate. The group of 6 cubes was formed according to the curing dates of 28 days. Metakaolin and GGBS are procured from Scientific Company and Novel Pumice Aggregate are arranged from online traders. Cement and M sand were arranged from the local shop. The group of 18 cubes was formed according to the Curing date for 28 days. To determine the compressive strength, two groups and a total of 36 cubes were constructed. The average compressive strength test result for conventional concrete of grade M30 at 28 days is 30.28 N/mm2. The average result for Group I and for 18 cubes for the M30 grade of concrete @ 28 days Compressive Strength test result of Concrete with Novel Pumice Aggregate stone and Partial Replacement of GGBS and Metakaolin by the weight of cement is 35.19 N/mm2. From the independent t-test analysis p=0.000, i.e., smaller than p=0.05(p<0.05) which indicates that there is a noteworthy statistical distinction between the two groups. The compressive strength of concrete of M30 grade at 28 days of compressive strength test results of concrete with new pumice aggregate stone and partial replacement of GGBS and Metakaolin by the weight of cement is increased.

Synergistic effects of supplementary cementitious materials and compressive strength prediction of concrete using machine learning algorithms with SHAP and PDP analyses

In order to reduce the CO2 associated with cement production, this study explored the potential of rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) as supplementary cementitios materials for partially replacing cement in concrete production. The study aimed to analyze the synergistic effects of a cement-based mixture consisting of RHA and FA in different proportions on concrete's fresh, hardened, non-destructive and microscopic properties. In addition to the experimental work, this study successfully applied machine learning to predict the compressive strength of RHA-FA concrete using three types of algorithms: ANN (Analytical Neural Network), XGB (Extreme Gradient Boosting), and GBM (Gradient Boosting Model). A total of 138 data points were used for this prediction, and statistical and parametric analyses were performed to define the impact of input parameters on the outcome. Furthermore, both destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on hardened concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and rebound hammer. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was operated to analyze the microstructural characteristics of concrete. The compressive and split-tensile strength test results showed that the mixture with a higher percentage of fly ash and a lower percentage of rice husk ash achieved maximum strength. The X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed that both ashes contained a significant amount of silica, which gave them excellent pozzolanic properties. After 28 days, both the UPV and the rebound hammer strength align with the destructive compressive strength results. The study also employed SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and PDP (Partial Dependence Plot) analyses to identify the optimal range for each parameter's contribution to strength improvement. The machine learning models exhibited a strong correlation with the test results, achieving an R2 value of 0.84 for the XGBoost model.

Statistical Evaluation and Comparison of Concrete Produced in Eskisehir with Concrete Produced in Different Provinces in Turkey

In the research, statistical analysis of the compressive strength test results of concrete samples from C25/30 and C30/37 class ready-mixed concretes (RMC) produced in various concrete plants in Eskişehir in 2022 and poured in various construction sites and different construction sections (foundation and column, beam, slab) were made. The concrete quality was attempted to be evaluated in accordance with the C25/30 and C30/37 concrete classes created in different construction sites and building sections in Eskişehir using the results of the strength tests performed on a total of 1355 samples. The previous scientific studies were carried out within the framework of the statistical analysis of the compressive strength results of the C25/30 and C30/37 concrete class samples that were brought to the laboratory from various locations of different construction sites in Eskişehir, within the framework of the standards determined by the quality grades determined by ACI and TS EN 206. In the investigations, the information from the same strength classes that were poured in Eskişehir and different provinces in Turkey at various dates was compared and reviewed.

Evaluation of compressive strength of concrete durability degradation in dry and wet environments using destructive and non-destructive testing

To develop an effective non-destructive testing (NDT) method to assess the strength of concrete in dry and wet cyclic environments, concrete compressive strengths were evaluated of six different mix ratios in this study using ultrasonic method, rebound method and quasi-static compression tests indoors. Firstly, the results of concrete indoor quasi-static compressive strength tests were compared with the NDT results and the optimum NDT methods applicable to different concrete strength classes were determined. Subsequently, an in-situ NDT evaluation of concrete gates exposed to dry and wet environments for a long-term period was carried out based on the results of the laboratory indoor tests, and the degradation mechanism of concrete strength under dry and wet cyclic conditions was revealed by rebound method testing, borehole coring, and industrial computerized tomography (CT) scanning. The results show that the concrete strength obtained by the ultrasonic rebound method is closer to the actual value when the initial strength of concrete is less than 30 MPa; When the initial strength of concrete is between 30 and 40 MPa, the concrete strength obtained by the rebound method is closer to the actual value; When the initial strength of concrete is greater than 40 MPa, the concrete strength obtained by the rebound and ultrasonic rebound methods differ greatly from the quasi-static compressive strength. In addition, the compressive strength of concrete increases and then decreases with the number of dry and wet cycles increases. In the early stage of the dry and wet cycle, the main reason for the increase of the concrete strength is that the filling of the pores by the hydration products reduces the porosity of the concrete; As the number of dry and wet cycles increases, the hydration products absorb water to expand and lose water to shrinkage, which leads to microcracks, and this is the main reason for the decrease of the concrete strength in the late stage of the dry and wet cycle.

Aplikasi Fly Ash Batu Bara di Industri Pembuatan Batako Dusun Peseng, Bumi Ayu Lombok Barat

The existence of industrial waste has a negative impact, so it often becomes a problem for people's lives. One example is the waste from burning coal called coal fly ash (Faba). The problem-solving method uses Faba as a mixture of bricks through community service activities in the brick-making home industry group. Activities in the form of counseling and training on making bricks using Faba as a mixed material. In general, the quality of the bricks resulting from community service activities is in accordance with the standard SNI 03-0349-1989 the results of the minimum average compressive strength test for bricks are 27 Kg/cm2, and the highest compressive strength is 65 Kg/cm2, with a volume ratio of sand: cement is 6:1, Faba 60%, The benefits for the target audience (block makers in Peseng Hamlet, Bumi Ayu Village, Gerung District, West Lombok) are very helpful. Can save production costs and better brick quality, according to SNI 03-0349-1989 standards. Faba which is considered a waste material, can be utilized, and has a higher economic value.

Quality of Paving Block With Additional Ingredients of King Pineapple Leaf Fiber (Agave Cantala Roxb)

TThe king pineapple plant (Agave Cantala Roxb) is a plant that grows in lowlands and hills with a stem height between 150-200 cm, and leaf lengths between 90-100 cm, on the inside of the leaves contain a lot of fiber wrapped in green outer ciliates. The quality of paving blocks with additional material of fibers of king pineapple leaves with a size of 2-3 cm, with a percentage of 0%, 3%, 5% and 7% of the weight of cement, in a ratio of 1: 5, then molded with a size of 20 cm x 10 cm x 8 cm. Conducted testing of the tensile strength of single fibers and compressive strength of paving blocks. The results of the takari sand fine aggregate gradation test meet the requirements of SNI 03-1986-1990 in zone III. Specific gravity testing is classified as normal fine aggregates of 2.5 to 2.7 according to SNI 1968-1990. The test results of sludge content of 2.62% ? 5% SK SNI S-04-1989-F, the content weight of 1,550 Kg/cm ? 1.2 Kg/Cm³ refers to the 1989 PBI. Test results Single tensile of king pineapple leaf fibers averaged 196,692 MPa. The weight of the block paving volume decreased by 2.16%, while the absorption of block paving water increased by 0.91%. The test results of the strongest compressive strength of paving blocks are found in additional materials of 5% capable of withstanding a load of 57.56 Kg / cm².

Application of Biomineralization Technology in the Stabilization of Electric Arc Furnace Reducing Slag

The unstable substances in steel slag are the main substances that affect its stability, which limits the large-scale resource utilization of steel slag. Most of the current methods for stabilizing electric arc furnace (EAF) slag are time-consuming and cannot be completely stabilized. In view of this, this study aimed to explore the feasibility of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology for stabilizing EAF reducing slag, and this was to be achieved by using the reaction between carbonate ions and free calcium oxide (f-CaO) in reducing slag to form a more stable calcium carbonate to achieve the purpose of stabilization. The test results showed that, when the EAF reducing slag aggregates (ERSAs) were immersed in a Sporosarcina pasteurii bacteria solution or water, the f-CaO contained in it would react such that stabilization was achieved. The titration test results showed that the f-CaO content of the ERSAs immersed in the bacterial solution and water decreased. The expansion test results of the ERSAs that were subjected to hydration showed that the seven-day expansion of ERSAs after biomineralization could meet the Taiwan regulation requirement of an expansion rate less than 0.5%. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that both the experimental group and the control group might contain calcium carbonate compounds. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the CaCO3 content in the ERSAs that were immersed in the bacterial solution was significantly higher than those that were immersed in water. Moreover, the compressive strength test results of concrete prepared with ERSAs showed that the compressive strength of the control group concrete began to decline after 28 days. In contrast, the experimental group concrete had a good stabilization effect, and there was no decline in compressive strength until 180 days. At 240 days, the surface cracks of the experimental group were particularly small, while the surface of the control group showed obvious cracks. These results confirmed that a mineralization reaction with S. pasteurii bacteria could be used as a stabilization technology for ERSAs.

Inovasi Pemanfaatan Serat Polypropylene dan Limbah Abu Cangkang Sawit sebagai Bahan Subtitusi Beton

The existence of infrastructure development has increased rapidly in encouraging global competitiveness, including infrastructure development in Indonesia. In infrastructure development, there are many aspects that must be considered. The planning stage is the most important stage in infrastructure development, because it will determine the quality of the building to be produced. Therefore, infrastructure development in Indonesia must use good construction material design to improve the quality of buildings and minimize the impact of damage to buildings. One of the alternative efforts made is to improve the quality of building quality by utilizing materials that can reduce expensive development costs and are more environmentally friendly. The use of palm kernel shell ash and polypropylene fiber  waste can be an alternative solution to this problem.  The research method carried out is quantitative experimental conducted in the laboratory with variations in test objects in the form of (0% ACS; 0% PP); (6 % ACS;0% PP); (0 % ACS;6% PP); (3% ACS;3% PP) tested for compressive strength and flexural strength at 28 days concrete life. Palm kernel shell ash waste was chosen as an added material for concrete mixture because it has the same properties as cement, namely silica (SiO4), while polypropylene fiber  was chosen because it can function as  a filler that binds hollow concrete. From the research that has been done, several variations of test objects that have been made have been made then have gone through a testing process and compared to normal concrete K-300, modified  concrete (3% ACS; 3% PP) is concrete with optimum variations that are more efficient and have high quality in compressive and flexural strength test results, which are 31,174  MPa and 30 MPa from normal concrete quality results.

Inovasi Pemanfaatan Serat Polypropylene dan Limbah Abu Cangkang Sawit sebagai Bahan Subtitusi Beton

The existence of infrastructure development has increased rapidly in encouraging global competitiveness, including infrastructure development in Indonesia. In infrastructure development, there are many aspects that must be considered. The planning stage is the most important stage in infrastructure development, because it will determine the quality of the building to be produced. Therefore, infrastructure development in Indonesia must use good construction material design to improve the quality of buildings and minimize the impact of damage to buildings. One of the alternative efforts made is to improve the quality of building quality by utilizing materials that can reduce expensive development costs and are more environmentally friendly. The use of palm kernel shell ash and polypropylene fiber  waste can be an alternative solution to this problem.  The research method carried out is quantitative experimental conducted in the laboratory with variations in test objects in the form of (0% ACS; 0% PP); (6 % ACS;0% PP); (0 % ACS;6% PP); (3% ACS;3% PP) tested for compressive strength and flexural strength at 28 days concrete life. Palm kernel shell ash waste was chosen as an added material for concrete mixture because it has the same properties as cement, namely silica (SiO4), while polypropylene fiber  was chosen because it can function as  a filler that binds hollow concrete. From the research that has been done, several variations of test objects that have been made have been made then have gone through a testing process and compared to normal concrete K-300, modified  concrete (3% ACS; 3% PP) is concrete with optimum variations that are more efficient and have high quality in compressive and flexural strength test results, which are 31,174  MPa and 30 MPa from normal concrete quality results.

Penggunaan Limbah Batu Cadas Sebagai Agregat Kasar Dalam Campuran Beton

The current high development activity causes the need for building materials to continue to increase, especially concrete-forming aggregates. To overcome this problem, alternative materials are needed as substitute aggregates in the concrete mix. This study used rock waste as an ingredient in the concrete mix, and then the mixed results were compared with standard concrete in the same mix composition. The research was conducted in the laboratory, namely through testing the compressive strength of concrete using a cube test object measuring 15 x 15 x 15 cm. Mixed concrete mix was made in 8 trials with the composition of rock waste 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%. The compressive strength test was carried out on the specimens at 28 days. From the analysis of the compressive strength data, concrete with the utilization of rock waste in the concrete mix has a compressive strength value that increases according to the proportion of rock powder waste. From the compressive strength test results, it meets the requirements as planned concrete, namely K225.